As the important part of a karst system, caves preserve numerous geological and archaeological deposits, including autochthonous, allochthonous, chemical, biological, and anthropogenic deposits, which are disturbed by the post-depositional processes in the cave deposit process. Micromorphology is the study of undisturbed, oriented samples, with the aid of microscopic and ultramicroscopic techniques, to identify the composition, texture, and structure that cannot be observed by the naked eye and deduce their chronological, spatial, and genetic relationships. Here, we reviewed the current research on micromorphological analysis of different cave deposits. The micromorphological analysis has been applied widely, including the restoration of the cave paleoclimate and paleoenvironment, the reconstruction of the cave deposit and burial process, the construction of stratigraphic chronology framework, and the interpretation of ancient human activities and genetic information. However, micromorphological analysis has not fully applied on the cave deposits in China. We are curious as to the broad application prospect of this effective research method.