This thesis will investigate how Australia and Canada developed the nuclear export and non-proliferation policies, challenging the idea that middle powers behave similarly in the nuclear realm. Australia and Canada are active participants in the nuclear fuel cycle. Whilst there are some exceptions, there is surprisingly little discussion in contemporary literature comparing Australian and Canadian nuclear policy, and the literature in this area fails to focus on their nuclear policies as a whole. Thus far, there have been cursory attempts at analysing and evaluating certain aspects of their policies, but no substantiative examination has covered the broad framework and key drivers that underpin these policies. This thesis seeks to fill a gap in the literature by providing a study of Australian and Canadian nuclear export and non-proliferation policy.