The authors aimed to critically review the literature regarding the relationship between retention of teeth and oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) and the extent to which tooth retention can ensure OHRQoL among adults. The authors investigated studies that assessed the relationship between number of teeth and OHRQoL and how the position, type, and/or pattern of the teeth is related to OHRQoL. Relevant papers published in English from January 2004 to September 2015 were searched via PubMed and EMBASE. Twenty-nine papers—including cross-sectional, longitudinal, clinical trial, and case-control studies—were included and categorized according to 4 subthemes to achieve the stated aim: 1) number of teeth or missing teeth and OHRQoL, 2) occluding pairs or functional units and OHRQoL, 3) position of remaining or missing teeth and OHRQoL, and 4) shortened dental arches (SDAs) and OHRQoL. The main findings for each subtheme were as follows: 1) A significant association between number of teeth and OHRQoL was shown in most studies; however, those studies found different cutoff points regarding the number of teeth that affect OHRQoL, after adjusting for other factors in the analyses (e.g., age, sex, cultural background, and study locations). 2) The number of occluding pairs and the location of remaining teeth have great impacts on OHRQoL. 3) Having fewer anterior occluding pairs had a greater negative impact on aesthetics and thus affected OHRQoL. 4) Two randomized clinical trials on SDAs indicated that people with SDAs do not show worse OHRQoL than do those with removable dentures. The only 2 population-based studies on SDAs showed that adults with SDAs have no impaired OHRQoL when compared with those having more natural teeth. To conclude, this review found evidence that retention of teeth is associated with better OHRQoL. The number of occluding pairs and the location of remaining teeth have great impacts on OHRQoL. People with SDAs maintain an acceptable level of OHRQoL.