Science education is a complex undertaking, on a range of levels and dimensions, and poses challenges in developing abilities on the part of students to engage with global challenges including climate change, water shortages and pandemics. Recent studies in complexity science offer novel ways of thinking about these challenges. This introductory chapter seeks to set up the key conceptual frames for the book, but perhaps more importantly, it considers the key role of science education in preparing students to be informed global citizens who are able to engage with complex scientific and social challenges in seeking to address ‘wicked problems’.