India's China strategy after Galwan: minilateral and multilateral soft balancing in the Indo-Pacific

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Hall, Ian
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2025
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Abstract

Since mid-2020, following a deadly clash between Chinese and Indian troops on the Line of Actual Control, New Delhi has developed a new strategy for managing its northern neighbour. This article argues that one hitherto overlooked element of this strategy is the systematic soft balancing of China's power in a series of multilateral and minilateral groupings, including the Russia–India–China (RIC) trilateral, the BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) grouping. In each, New Delhi has deployed different soft balancing tactics—here termed denial, delay, trivalization and exclusion—to undermine China's power and frustrate Beijing's pursuit of its diplomatic agendas. This article analyses India's behaviour in each of these forums by reference to official statements, media reports, and interviews with and comment from Indian leaders, as well as contemporary analysis, exploring how and why India has chosen to use different tactics in different forums. It argues that the evidence suggests New Delhi has carefully selected its tactics depending on the perceived importance and usefulness of the specific forum to India's interests.

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International Affairs

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Institute of International Affairs. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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This publication has been entered in Griffith Research Online as an advance online version.

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Policy and administration

Political science

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Hall, I, India's China strategy after Galwan: minilateral and multilateral soft balancing in the Indo-Pacific, International Affairs, 2025, pp. iiaf069

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