The objective was to estimate the effect of accumulated risk from poverty and tooth loss at 31 years, using longitudinal data from the 1982 live birth cohort in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The income trajectory variables were built with four time points: birth and 15, 24, and 30 years of age. Potential confounding factors were sex, maternal schooling, maternal skin color, and smoking at 24 years. Potential mediators used the history of dentistry services use and caries based on the Significant Index Caries (SIC). The trajectory variable in the accumulated risk model was created with group-based trajectory modeling. The target outcome was the number of missing teeth at 31 years. Mean number of missing teeth at 31 years was 1.25. In the accumulated risk model after adjusting for confounders and mediators, individuals that were poor at one or two time points showed risk ratio – RR = 1.92 (95%CI: 1.40-2.63), and those with three or four episodes of poverty showed RR = 1.97 (95%CI: 1.24-3.13) for tooth loss. The results highlight the effect of lifetime poverty on tooth loss. The effect was expanded in individuals that were exposed to poverty longer. Public policies aimed at improving income conditions also help reduce tooth loss.