A national-scale trophic state analysis to prioritize lakes for restoration in Aotearoa New Zealand

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Wood, Susanna A
Vandergoes, Marcus J
Atalah, Javier
Howarth, Jamie D
Waters, Sean
Thomson-Laing, Georgia
Thompson, Lucy
Hamilton, David P
Pochon, Xavier
Kelly, David
Moy, Chris
Rees, Andrew
Schalleberg, Marc
Gregerson, Rose
Moody, Adelaine
et al.
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2023
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Abstract

Pressure on lakes in Aotearoa New Zealand is increasing because of elevated catchment nutrient loads, establishment of non-native species, and climate change. Current government legislation requires that pressures are managed to avoid eutrophication and degradation of lake health. This approach requires information on the state of lakes at regional and national scales, which is challenging because <5% are currently monitored. In this study, we (1) modelled lake trophic status at a national scale using a highly representative dataset and lake characteristics, land use, and environmental parameters as predictor variables; and (2) identified lakes that should be prioritized for protection to prevent further degradation. Six statistical models were evaluated, with extreme boosting producing the highest predictive power and lowest error. This model indicated that for the 3738 lakes in the dataset, 44% were eutrophic or higher trophic state, 22% mesotrophic, and 34% oligotrophic or lower trophic state. These data provide a benchmark to guide management and support the call for more resourcing to restore lakes in Aotearoa New Zealand. To identify lakes to prioritise for protection, we focused on the ∼800 mesotrophic lakes. We used (1) the portion of lake catchment not within conservation estate, and (2) road access as proxies for the likelihood of land-use intensification and the introduction of non-native species, respectively. We identified >170 lakes with limited catchment protection and easy human access. Immediate attention should be given to protecting these waterbodies to prevent the need for costly and resource-intensive remediation in the future.

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Inland Waters

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This is an Accepted Manuscript version of the following article, accepted for publication in Inland Waters. Wood, SA; Vandergoes, MJ; Atalah, J; Howarth, JD; Waters, S; Thomson-Laing, G; Thompson, L; Hamilton, DP; Pochon, X; Kelly, D; Moy, C; Rees, A; Schalleberg, M; Gregerson, R; Moody, A; et al., A national-scale trophic state analysis to prioritize lakes for restoration in Aotearoa New Zealand, Inland Waters, 2023. It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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This publication has been entered in Griffith Research Online as an advanced online version.

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Ecology

Environmental management

Science & Technology

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Limnology

Marine & Freshwater Biology

Aotearoa New Zealand

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Wood, SA; Vandergoes, MJ; Atalah, J; Howarth, JD; Waters, S; Thomson-Laing, G; Thompson, L; Hamilton, DP; Pochon, X; Kelly, D; Moy, C; Rees, A; Schalleberg, M; Gregerson, R; Moody, A; et al., A national-scale trophic state analysis to prioritize lakes for restoration in Aotearoa New Zealand, Inland Waters, 2023

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