Paper vs. pixel: Can we use a pen-and-paper method to measure athletes' implicit doping attitude?

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Chan, Derwin KC
Lee, Alfred SY
Tang, Tracy CW
Gucciardi, Daniel F
Yung, Patrick SH
Hagger, Martin S
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2017
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Abstract

Doping attitude is an individual's subjective evaluation (e.g., good or bad, useful or useless) toward the use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances or methods in sports. Research on doping attitude has traditionally relied on self-report questionnaire methods to measure the construct (Ntoumanis et al., 2014; Chan et al., 2015). However, as doping in sport is illegal (World Anti-Doping Agency, 2015) and perceived as socially unacceptable, athletes who hold positive attitudes toward doping are less likely to reveal them to others. As a result explicit measures of doping attitude are susceptible to potential bias as athletes may respond in a socially desirable fashion (Petróczi and Aidman, 2009; Gucciardi et al., 2010). To counter such bias, implicit measures such as the implicit association test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) have been developed to capture individuals' non-conscious attitudes toward doping (Brand et al., 2014a,b; Schindler et al., 2015). The current paper aims to introduce a paper-and-pen IAT which could potentially serve as alternative method to the traditional computer-IAT for measuring athletes' doping attitude.

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Frontiers in Psychology

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8

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© 2017 Chan, Lee, Tang, Gucciardi, Yung and Hagger. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Psychology

Cognitive and computational psychology

Social Sciences

Psychology, Multidisciplinary

implicit association test

paper-and-pen IAT

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Chan, DKC; Lee, ASY; Tang, TCW; Gucciardi, DF; Yung, PSH; Hagger, MS, Paper vs. pixel: Can we use a pen-and-paper method to measure athletes' implicit doping attitude?, Frontiers in Psychology, 2017, 8, pp. 876

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