Grassland degradation has become a global social–ecological problem, which seriously limits the sustainability of indigenous people's livelihoods. Bibliometrics, a type of analysis based on the Science Citation Index—Expanded (SCI-E), was therefore performed to explore the research trends and focus areas of studies on sustainable livelihoods (SLs). We conducted an in-depth analysis of 489 research publications and their 25,144 references from 1991 to 2020. The results show that only few papers have been published, but the number of countries and research institutions involved shows an overall imbalance. We identified eight main clusters based on keyword co-occurrence, these being studies the content of which is an important representation of current research directions in this topic. The document co-citation analysis revealed 10 research clusters, representing the frontiers of research. Clusters included the following topics: NPP (Net Primary Productivity) dynamics, global change, ecological restoration, risk indicators, livelihood strategies, smallholder systems, drought relief, sustainable land management and common pool resources. We reviewed and interpreted these clusters in depth with a view to provide an up-to-date account of the dynamics of this research. As the first scientometric evaluation of research on sustainable livelihoods in grassland ecosystems, this study provides several theoretical and practical implications for global poverty eradication research, which are of great scientific value for global sustainable development.