Language sampling, also referred to as spontaneous language sampling, refers to eliciting a sample of an individual’s spoken language in a naturalistic setting and is considered one of the most ecologically valid ways of appraising spoken language performance. For that reason, language sampling is deemed an essential element of the speech–language pathologist’s assessment protocol and is used to provide a description of a client’s strengths and weaknesses in spoken language performance. Results from in-depth language sample analysis may confirm or refute standardized test results, assist in detailed and relevant goal-setting, and allow for progress monitoring following treatment. This entry outlines the discourse contexts in which language samples are often elicited and provides a brief overview of frequently used elicitation procedures.