A Penetrometer for Quantifying the Surface Stiffness of Sport Sand Surfaces
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Worsey, Matthew TO
Klodzinski, Florian
Emerson, Nicholas
Espinosa, Hugo G
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Abstract
Sand sports include running, volleyball, soccer, beach flags, ironman, and fitness training. An increased amount of soft tissue injuries have been widely reported. A novel technique of determining the surface stiffness of beach sand in-situ used a simple drop-test penetrometer. The relationship between drop height and the depth of penetration squared was linear (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r2 > 0.92). The stiffness ratio between the soft dry sand and ocean-saturated wet sand compacted by eight hours of coastal water exposure was approximately seven, which was similar to previously reported stiffness measurements in a sand box. However, the absolute stiffness values were much smaller. While this technique was manually operated, an automatic system is postulated for future studies.
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Proceedings
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49
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1
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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Civil Engineering
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Thiel, DV; Worsey, MTO; Klodzinski, F; Emerson, N; Espinosa, HG, A Penetrometer for Quantifying the Surface Stiffness of Sport Sand Surfaces, Proceedings, 49 (1), pp. 64:1-64:6