Warfare in Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania covers thousands of years and countless generations. While Australia withdrew its divisions from the fight against Germany, the New Zealand 2nd Division remained in North Africa, and fought in Italy until the war's end. This chapter charts the separate military histories of these three areas while identifying elements of commonality between them. Military history in New Zealand has not occupied the same central place as it has in Australian historiography. While warfare on Australia dates back thousands of years before European settlement in 1788, over the last century military events have been especially prominent. While participating in similar conflicts, including war with indigenous peoples, the wars of Britain and the United States, peacekeeping, and the War on Terror, myriad gaps exist in New Zealand's military history. Historical writing on conflict in Oceania is exceptionally meager, conditioned by the region's isolation and its tangential relationship to centers of geopolitical power and historical study.