Smoking increases the risk of multiple sclerosis in Queensland, Australia
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Bukhari, W
Todd, A
Freeman, S
Broadley, SA
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Abstract
There is growing evidence for the role of smoking in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). We have undertaken a large case-control study of smoking in MS and assessed this using a regression model. We have confirmed an association between increased risk of MS and smoking in Queensland, Australia, a region of intermediate risk for MS. The overall adjusted odds ratio was 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.5-2.5) for ever smokers. There was no statistically significant difference in the risks for males and females. A number of potential mechanisms to explain this association have been postulated including direct and indirect (via vitamin D) effects on the immune system.
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Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
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21
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10
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© 2014 Elsevier. This is the author-manuscript version of this paper. Reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version.
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Clinical sciences
Neurosciences