Global temperature has risen >1 °C since the preindustrial era, resulting in well-documented adverse climate impacts including extreme weather (floods, droughts, storms, and heat waves), a rise in sea level accompanying melting polar and glacial ice, and disrupted crop growth. These changes are closely correlated with anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly arising from the combustion of nonrenewable fossil fuels. Lignin derived from lignocellulose is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and a rich source of renewable aromatic hydrocarbons to replace those currently obtained from fossil resources. Lignin depolymerization by cleavage of C–O and C–C linkages in the biopolymer can be achieved by direct pyrolysis or catalytic transformations, involving oxidation, hydrolysis, or hydrogenolysis reactions. Hydrogenolysis, in which H2 gas (or in-situ generated reactive H species) is supplied to lignin under relatively mild conditions, has attracted significant attention. This Perspective summarizes recent progress in the development of heterogeneous catalysts for the cleavage of C–O linkages in lignin-derived aromatic ethers by hydrogenolysis: it encompasses strategies using H2, hydrogen transfer, and photocatalysis for aromatic monomers production, and the determination of structure–activity relationships and underlying reaction mechanisms.